An Element of Art and Science Essay Example for Free

An Element of Art and Science Essay astrology provides a very debatable kind of fellowship that is generally assessed by the intelligent as a useless kind of knowledge, which only makes sense for the ignorant. At the comparable time astrology is ordinarily associated with gypsies and hucksters, who are known for their deceptive and fake knowledge, as they try to deceive people for their own financial interest. On the other hand, we find people with high education attempting to study astrology and very much respect the kind of knowledge it offers them. Whether such knowledge offered through pedagogy astrology in universities is worth doing or to be considered an inapplicable knowledge for high education is a critical decision to make, which requires obtaining a colossal discernment about astrology it self as an academic field in order to be able to make a correct assessment. Astrology is actually a combined form of knowledge that both combine both the element of art and of science in its essence.It contains the mathematical element as healthful as the artistic element o symbolism (Astrology? 891). Scientists usually disregard the art side of astrology and focus on the basic mathematical start out of it, as they judge it as useless and insignifi whoremongert. This actually destroys the wholeness and balance inside the surem itself. This may be considered a reason for misunderstanding the real value of knowledge in astrology.It is also a fact that every field is vulnerable to be used by ignorant people who innocuous it totally of its meaning and value, in order to sell it as cheap as possible in a market of ignorance that unfortunately have many another(prenominal) customers who are wiling to buy, again this facilitates in misunderstanding Astrology (Astrology? 891) and as there is the presence of the competent and the incompetent in every field, and people usually expect for the best in every profession, so why exclude Astrology (Astrology? 8 96).Astrology requires a sophisticated kind of thinking as it combines artistic and scientific knowledge, it can therefore never be considered as insignificant knowledge. It may not be appreciated by scientists due to the artistic element provided within it, and their total dependence on reason for discovering honesty since the onset of the renaissance thus reviving such forms of knowledge actually, shows the evolution of knowledge and thinking that reflects the conditional relation of intuitive forms of knowledge besides the pure rational ones.The astrological knowledge in itself consists of a natural balance between intuitive and rational knowledge, and upset this balance will only lead to the production of inconsistent forms of knowledge that seem to appear on the surface to help in the generation of misunderstandings regarding astrology. The rock of scientists against Astrology reflects the on going disagreement between scientific knowledge and intuitive forms of knowledge. Scientists never admit the rightfulness in any intuitive understanding, and they usually regarded as invalid.They never accept the fact the mystery is part of reality and that the rational mind can never be able to reach replete understanding of the universe. Astrology is a balanced kind of knowledge as it respects both forms of thinking, which in fact a respect for nature and for the gentleman being as part of that nature. I feel that the purpose of a reading is to understand ones intent challenges And potential, to provide an opportunity for self reflection and purport Evaluation, as well as to confirm ones intuitive sense of what ones Life is about (Astrology? 895).Human beings as well as nature are do of matter and psyche that can never be detached from each other as long as life is there. How can scientists reach the truth if they are actually altering the natural balance in life by looking for material proof and ignoring the intuitive reality of nature? The soul remain s a mystery that can never be explained by scientific truth, and science can not resolve the question of life and death. on that point fore, accepting astrology as a significant form of knowledge by a scientist is truly a question of him admitting cognition as a part of reality.From another side, if the issue had not been on intuition, regarding astrology, it is still a form of knowledge that surely provides the individual with some insight about life and introduces him to different kinds of thinking it should be even credited for this reason alone, my studies in Astrology, as well as in other fields, are attempts to understand the epic design of the whole (Astrology? 894). Scientists also accuse Astrological interpretive knowledge of not being exact stars incline but do not shackle (A critical? 882), and this fact works against scientific logic which is sharp and determinant. But actually, life in it self is never exact or straight anterior and clear as mathematical knowledge entails for instance. Astrology may actually provide the best for of understanding of life and nature it allows people to understand reality the way it is without trying to alter its nature. The whole issue of prediction and future related knowledge can never be definite or to the full explainable, to discuss future probabilities is much like giving a weather report (Astrology? 896).On the other hand, it should be admitted that Astrological knowledge may help in creating dependent and weak individuals, if they used it wrongly. It might lead them to spin in a cycle, which they might not be able to break. People can stress too much on the intuitive knowledge in Astrology and thus once again altering its balance of logic and intuition and thus getting again a wrong insight about life and nature, with an accompanied change in personality and attitude to life Astrology, when beneficial as completely as possible, takes away from ach of us our right and duty to make our own personal de cisions (A Critical? 882). In the case of a scientist who puts great emphasis on logic and excludes intuition, makes him a rough and rigid person who stands weak in front of the scientifically unexplained mysteries of the world while in the case of the ignorant who does the opposite to give too much significance to intuition and disregards reason suffers another kind of weakness that creates a dependent and tattered personality.But again we must also admit that this would be the case with any field if wrongly interpreted. All in all, I believe that Astrology is a sophisticated form of knowledge that should be respected for the special thinking abilities it provides an individual who studies it. It also reflects on the importance of providing a balance between Art and Science, and thus between logic and intuition, which is found deep within the nature of man and the universe he lives in.I would very strongly suggest all institutions of high education to teach Astrology in order to correct the misunderstanding entitled to it, and thus expose the rich and deep knowledge it provides. Works Cited Bok, Bart J. A Critical Look at Astrology. The Humanist Costello, Priscilla. Astrology, Science or Abracadabra? Wellesley College.

Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Mice and Men EssayJohn Ernst Steinbeck was born on 27 February 1902, in Salinas, California, USA. The Salinas River is mentioned in the first line of Of Mice and Men. The whole novel is centred on the landscape around Salinas. Steinbeck was the trio of four children, of mixed Ger adult male and Irish descent. His parents owned a considerable amount of land, and his mother was a schoolteacher who promote him to read widely. His background was neither rich nor poor, and his parents wanted him to follow a respectable career. John Steinbeck wrote the novel called Of Mice and Men. It was published in the depression years of the 1930s. Steinbeck raises questions in the mind of the reader that the novel would be based on loneliness. The first line read A few miles south of Soledad. This is a clever root word by Steinbeck as Soledad means loneliness in Spanish.John Steinbecks family was wealthy, just now was interested in the gets of farm labourers.It gave him a inspiration to write books or so migrator workers.He could of been a doctor or a teacher but he chose to become an author.John Steinbeck must of met a lot of people comparable Lennie and George, so he has ideas to write a good book. The historical context of the novel is that its all about the depression years in the 1930s. It was illegal to be unemployed. People living in the 30s didnt have a choice but to go to work.The main extensions in this story are George and Lennie. They travel around in concert, division their minds together, and what ever trouble Lennie gets into, George had to get him out of it. George didnt standardized Lennie that much because of all the trouble that he gets into. He didnt want to bridle with Lennie, but his mother told George to waitress after him. Lennie was ceaselessly trying to find a good opportunity to go off alone in the hills. George didnt want that, he comparabled Lennie as a friend, but Lennie gets into too much trouble. alone they always say You got me, and I got you.This novel called Of Mice and Men was set in a town called Soledad. It meant lone(a) in Spanish. The paste is located in the middle of no where. Its 4 miles to the town. The characters in this novel are ranch workers who are described as lone(prenominal). facing pages work is not presbyopic term. All of the workers except for glass over and Crooks are only passing through. When George and Lennie get jobs, the boss is suspicious of them because they look like theyve cognise each other from somewhere and are close friends. The other ranch workers contrive that George is always answering for Lennie. But they cannot understand why they are always together. George says that ranch workers are the loneliest people in the world and dont belong nowhere.In this paragraph, Im going to write about Crooks. Crooks is a black guy. Hes not allowed to stay in the bunkhouse with the other ranch hands because he is black. He doesnt have the same status as the other white workers. Crooks was withal excluded because he suffered an injury and so is not as capable as the other ranch hands. His possessions show that he is lonely. Everyone can see that because he loves to read his books but was excluded. Crooks doesnt like when Lennie tries to public lecture to him. Crooks get angry every time he tells Lennie to go away from him. But after that, he admits that he is lonely. Lennie entrust also get lonely and even sick when no one is with him. He needs someone beside him all the time so that he feels supported. For this, he always wants George.In this paragraph, I have looked at the way Crooks treat other people and what his appearance looks like to everyone else.I will now write about Candy. Hes an old man who wants to join up with George and Lennie and get a place where they can live. Candy provides a parallel to George and Lennie in that he relies on his wienerwurst Im so employ to im (p.46) just as George and Lennie are an elevated version of a master/d og relationship. Candy clings to his dog, despite all that logic and common sense dictate.He loves to be with his dog because he had him since he was a puppy. It was the best sheepdog he had ever had. The other workers didnt realise the relationship between Candy and the dog. It meant nil to everyone except for Candy. Theyve been together for all of Candys life. But now Lennies life has ended.Candy cleans out the farm buildings, and shows George and Lennie the bunkhouse. Candy lost his hand whilst working on the farm, and was allowed to stay on in this lowly position as cleaner. Candy soon asks George and Lennie if he can come in with them. George said We werent thinking of a third person. Cause we was gonna do it on our own.George knew that it was owned by old people who might be willing to sell it for $600 or so. Candy confesses he has $350 relieve up and asks if he can come in with them. George really begins to believe that his dream might become a reality.He needs to work for some other month or two and not spend anything so that they will have the stake to buy the farm. This will be good for Candy because so he can live a happy life and avoid the loneliness in the life of a ranch worker.Hes worked here for so long and wants to change his miserable life and make it peaceful. Candy was moaning that he just let a stranger shoot his dog. By the look of him, he could see that Carlson didnt like the smell of Candys old dog. Carlson asks Slim to give Candy one of the other pups so that the old dog can be shot. Once the dog has been shot, he feels strong pressure because he had him since he was a pup.When George and Lennie were talking about their dream, Candy steps in and instead of being sad, George and Lennie gives pride and gives Candy more confidence.In this paragraph I have explained Candys life and the way he lives.I am now going to write about Curleys wife. She doesnt like Curley very much and wants to go elsewhere but cannot because of Curley. The ot her ranch workers avoid Curleys wife as they know that if they befriend her, they will get into trouble. She also said that she could hang Curley at anytime if she felt like it (Showing that she can be dangerous as well as Lennie).She also visits the bunkhouse a lot, she wanted company, but had to ask where Curley was. On Saturday nights she is left at the ranch alone. When she is left alone at the ranch, she tells everyone about her life and story. Its very miserable for Curleys wife. She tells everyone the truth that she doesnt really like Curley.Everyone else has names except for her. She has to be called Curleys wife. That is why she doesnt appear much in the story. Shes being treated like an object. Slims dog name is Loulou. We have looked at the character of Curleys wife and how she got on.George and Lennie are different to the other ranch hands. The way they respond to each other shows very close friendship. Lennie always get into trouble and George is in that location to ge t him out of it. They share a dream together of working and then getting a lot of money so that they can live comfortably in the place that there going to get. Every time George says Were gonna get the place. Lennie gets very excited and says I get to tend the rabbits. But when George is about to shoot Lennie, he keeps saying this so that Lennie puts his mind fully onto the house in his head and imagining him tend the rabbits, George wanted this because when he looked the other way, there was a time to shoot him.George wanted him to see it as he is talking. It was related to the shooting of Candys dog too which gave George more confidence in shooting Lennie. But at the end, it is George who will feel guilty. George often insults Lennie and gives him hell, but he doesnt really mean it. Although he often talks about how well off he could be without Lennie he secretly doesnt want Lennie to leave, and when Lennie offers to do so in the first chapter, George virtually pleads with him to stay.This is because George also depends on Lennie to a certain extent for his authoritative friendship. I didnt think that Steinbeck would make George shoot Lennie. At first, those two was good friends, I thought they would actually get that bunkhouse. But it ended in a bad way. It made the readers / watchers feel shocked and feel that his life has ended with just one shot. George always gets annoyed of Lennie and Lennie says that he will go up to the hills. George knows that hes the only one who has to get him out of trouble. But then decides if Lennies gone, then he can have total freedom and do anything he wants. At the end, it might of been a mistake to shoot Lennie.The first paragraph tells us about the introduction of John Steinbeck. It tells the readers what is going to happen. The second paragraph describes the setting and ranch workers. Its the setting of the story and the ranch workers. The third paragraph lets the readers understand Crooks. It also describes his ethnic group and his rights. The fourth paragraph tells us about Candy. It tells the readers about his lovely dog and his dreams towards the ranch. The fifth paragraph also describes Curleys Wife. The way she acts in the story, and how lonely she is. Finally, the last paragraph tells the readers about the friendship of George and Lennie. It tells us how George and Lennie travel together, live together and the trouble that they get into. It also summarises George and Lennies dream.John Steinbeck is trying to say that life in the 1930s in California was lonely. He doesnt just write it down, because that will just give the point away. He wants the readers to imagine it for themselves.

Influence of Cannabis Abuse Variables on Psychotic Symptoms

Influence of Cannabis Abuse Variables on Psychotic SymptomsInfluence of variables of hemp twist around on psycho symptoms and their unkindness an Indian experienceAbstractContext Cannabis is probably the roughly commonly used illicit drug. While not all hangmans halter users present psychical health problems, heavy hangmans rope use may increase the risk of cognitive abnormalities, psychotic illness, and mood disorders. Cannabis-induced psychosis is not easily distinguishable from schizophrenic symptomatology, although it is characterized by more bizarre behaviour, violence, panic, more agitation, and less blunting of affect, and incoherent speech.Aims To evaluate severity of various psychotic symptoms in relation to variables of cannabis misdirect.Settings and Design A puzzle sectioned bailiwick of 30 male patients admitted at tertiary psychiatric centre, with diagnosis of cannabis induced psychosis was carried out.Methods and Material Cannabis abuse variables along with psychotic symptoms severity on BPRS scale was obtained.Statistical analysis used SPSS-17 was used for analysis, and significance level was at p-value Results The symptoms that were associated with increased severity in majority of patients were opposition (83%), excitement (77%), and elevated railroad mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness and motor hyperactivity were preset in more than 60% of individuals in range of severe to very severe form.Conclusions Patients with long succession and early incursion of cannabis abuse were presented with more severe form of psychosis. Frequency of cannabis use was not importantly tally with total BPRS score, although measuring rod spent over cannabis was significantly associated with total BPRS score. Family history of cannabis abuse predicted early onset of cannabis abuse.IntroductionCannabis is probably most commonly used illicit drug. 1,2 It is widely used in India and is an integral part of Indian culture and religious customs.3,4 The co rrelation amid cannabis and disconfirming mental health outcomes has been unequivocally established 1,5,6,7,12. While not all cannabis users present mental health problems, 5 epidemiological studies suggest that heavy cannabis use during adolescence may increase the risk of cognitive abnormalities and psychotic disorders.1,8-10 Use of cannabis at early age and high oftenness are associated with a greater risk of problems 5,7,11. Arendt et al. consider that this cannabis-induced psychosis is an early expression of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals rather than part of the differential diagnosis 12. Moores review report a 40% higher risk of psychosis in subjects who occasionally used cannabis and a probability of 50% to 200% higher in regular(a) cannabis users 13. Swedish Conscripts Study (Andreasson et al.) of inductees into the military reported a risk for schizophrenia 2.4 times higher among those who had used cannabis by 18 geezerhood than among non-users 14,24. This can nabis-induced psychosis is not easily distinguishable from Schizophrenic symptomatology, 15,19 although it has been characterized by more bizarre behavior, violence, panic, more hypomanic symptoms and agitation, and fewer hallucinations and less blunting of affect and incoherent speech.20,21Need of the current studyStudies have found cannabis associated psychosis a constellation of emotive symptoms (euphoria, increased psychomotor activity), 16,17,18 whereas others have found similarity with schizophrenic symptomology of social withdrawal, thought disorder and disorganized behavior 19,22 so there is immense motif to define the presenting features of this disorder in Indian population. Additionally phenomenology of the cannabis use disorder need to be explored to clearly define, identify and manage this population. Despite widespread use of cannabis there is lack of research data from most part of the serviceman including India.Aims and objectivesBased on the existing literature we formulated fol blueing hypothesis that Patients with cannabis associated psychosis have different symptom profile than other common psychiatric disorders, relating to variables of cannabis abuse e.g. dose, frequency, duration.To test the hypothesis following objectives were formulatedTo assess variables of cannabis abuse in patients with cannabis associated psychosis.To explore the relationship between variables of cannabis abuse, and individual symptom profile and total BPRS score.Subjects and MethodsPatients in whom there was temporal association of cannabis use with onset of psychotic illness were include in the study. The study included 30 consequentially admitted, Hindi speaking patients of 18-50 age of age at tertiary psychiatric centre in newton India from March 2011 to July 2011. Patients with mental retardation, a significant medical condition compromising ability to participate, history of head injury with any documented cognitive sequele, and softness to provide infor med consent were excluded from study. Patients having history of psychiatric illness prior to onset of cannabis abuse, predominant abuse/dependence of other psychoactive center field and having any other significant medical illness were also excluded from study.Study designA cross sectional study of subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria was carried out. by and by recording socio demographic data, each participant in the study was subjected to questionnaire regarding his cannabis abuse and brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS). To measure the quantity of cannabis intake by individual indirect measure in form of average amount (INR) spent daily was inquired. The age of onset, duration of abuse, and cause of onset- accidental, casual, look group and offer by elder family members were recorded. The history of cannabis abuse as well as psychiatric illness in other family members was inquired.Results absolute majority of the participants were young male adults of the rural back ground. About 47 % (n-14) of them were unmarried and 60 % (n-18) were belonged to joint family. All the study participants were formally educated and at least atomic number 53 family member of about 43% (n-13) of participants had history of cannabis abuse.As it has been shown in table 2 majority of the study participants were abusing cannabis for more than 10 years with mean duration of cannabis abuse 14.2 years. 50 % of the individuals experienced first cannabis intake before age of 13 years with average onset of cannabis use 14.5 years. Majority of the participants (66%) were daily cannabis abusers. More than 2/3 rd of the subjects was spending Rs. 15 per day on average over the cannabis. attack of cannabis was occurred mostly due to influence of peer group (n-21). The symptoms that were associated with increased severity in majority of patients were hostility 25 (83%), excitement 23 (77%), and elevated mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness, distractibility and motor hyperactivity i n more than 60% of individuals. Other symptoms that were present in severe to very severe form in more than half individuals were hallucinations, comical thought content, uncooperativeness, and self neglect. Suicidability and tension was absent in 28(93%) of patients, depression and motor retardation was absent in 25(83%) of participants, guilt was absent in 70% of patients and blunt affect, conceptual disorganization and emotional withdrawal were all in all absent in 60% of individual patients.Correlation with duration of cannabis abuseLong duration of abuse was negatively correlated with depression and hostility but other symptoms like suspiciousness, hallucinations, unusual thought content were positively correlated. Duration of cannabis abuse was significantly associated with total BPRS score (p-0.002). Patients with long duration of cannabis were presented with more severe form of psychosis than patients with short duration of cannabis abuse.Correlation with Age of onset of c annabis abuseOlder age of onset of cannabis use was significantly associated with depression (p Correlation with frequency of cannabis abuseFrequency of cannabis abuse was significantly associated with self neglect (p-0.007) and tension (p Correlation with amount spent over cannabisThe amount spent over cannabis was significantly correlated with anxiety (p-0.030), hallucinations (p-0.001), bizarre behavior (pDiscussionThis study was aimed at determining clinical symptoms in relation to variables of cannabis abuse. All subjects were male. This could be attributable to low levels of substance use among females in general and cannabis in particular. Age range was wide and may be due to variation in transmittable vulnerability to psychosis, dose of cannabis and duration of illness leading to variable age at presentation. Positive symptoms (motor hyperactivity, excitement, hostility, elevated mood, suspiciousness, grandiosity) were found at higher frequency than negative symptoms ( blun ted effect, emotional withdrawal and motor retardation). Hallucinations were present in only half of the participants. Other symptoms of the psychosis like conceptual disorganization and catatonic symptoms were absent. Our result was in support of Vani Kulhali and colleagues 23 finding that patients with cannabis associated psychosis had high positive scores (5) on respective BPRS items were hostility 25 (83%), excitement 23 (77%), and motor hyperactivity, elevated mood, grandiosity, suspiciousness, distractibility in more than 60% of individuals. The least common symptoms were suicidability and tension 2 (6), depression and motor retardation 5 (15%), guilt was present in 30% of patients and blunted affect, conceptual disorganization and emotional withdrawal were completely absent in 60% of individuals. Most studies have reported that cannabis produces psychosis with prominent positive symptoms 16,1718. Our findings are in keeping with these studies. Scores on BPRS reflected both th e total intensity and the profile of psychopathology. Thus our findings largely confirm that reports of other authors that cannabis produces a psychosis with predominantly affective features and more of positive symptoms. Family history of drug disorders is regarded as risk factor for substance use including cannabis, whether it also results in increased vulnerability to cannabis psychosis is not clear.ConclusionsThe implication of this study is that cannabis contributes in causing and modifying psychosis. Several noteworthy findings emerged from this heterogeneous sample of cannabis associated psychosis. First the severity of psychotic episode was significantly associated with younger age of onset of cannabis abuse and increased spending was associated with more severe psychotic episode. Second family history of psychosis was not associated with increased severity of cannabis abuse, although family history of psychosis predicted more severe excitement, elevated mood and grandiosity and early onset of cannabis abuse.Limitations of the studyAs this was a cross sectional study and cannabis variables were obtained from interview possibility of recall bias cant be ruled out.It was not possible to measure the amount of cannabis in unit time.Proxy used to represent this variable may not be representative of active ingredient of delta- 9THC.We have to rely on the subjects self- report of not using any other substances and were unable to objectively verify this report. Thus, the possibility that some symptoms were related to abstinence from other drugs cannot be completely excluded.Wide age range could be a drawback of study since homogeneity in duration of illness and amount of cannabis abuse could not be ensured.

Urban Areas: Population, Land Use and Health

Urban Areas Population, Land Use and HealthUrban AreasArun PersaudDiscuss tear apply, existence, health and sanitisation in urban areas.IntroductionAccording to Ramsawak and Umraw (2001), each(prenominal) the people residing at bottom a specific geographic area, for example, within a nation, a geographic region, a state, or a city is c bothed its people. The population niggardness of an area bath be defined as the number of people living in a particular area of land at a particular time. Population density displace be influenced by a variety of factors which include physical factors such(prenominal) as relief or height of land, climatic and graphic ve draw a bead onation, influence of agriculture, industrial influence and a want urban influence (Ramsawak and Umraw, 2001).An urban area is an area that has a dense population of people and has a density of structures such as roads, railways, housing and commercial buildings. The area usual functions as a marketing town, com mercial hub, administration, manufacturing and industrial sites and also tourism. Examples of urban areas include cities, towns and suburbs.Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. This results in negative impacts for both areas. The rural area often suffers from brain-drain while a lot of physical pressure is placed on the receiving urban area. The urban area usually becomes overcrowded and at that place is a dearth of housing and early(a) facilities. there is also usually a rise in contamination level and low level of sanitation (Ramsawak and Umraw, 2001).Sanitation is apparently the provision of facilities and services to drive rid of mishandle products such as sewage and garbage. This is very important because it promotes a healthy environment and also protects the population from every health threats which may be connected to exposure to these wastes.Land use in urban areasLand use derriere be defined as the use of land by human. This in volves the management of land and also the modification of land into built environment so as to meet the need of the pre move population or the population which go out utilize the land (Dickinson and Shaw, 1977). The effects of land use may include deforestation, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization and urban sprawl. Urban sprawl can be defined as the expansion of the urban area population into area that was in one case classified as rural area. there are sextette major types of land uses in urban areas. These include-Residential land use- The use of land for people to live. This usually makes up about 40% of an urban area. The type of housing in an area is based on the residential density which is the number of houses per hectare. Residential density may be low density (thirty units per hectare), medium density (thirty to a hundred units per hectare) or high density (exceeds a hundred units per hectare).Transportation land use- Land which is apply for transporting peopl e and goods from hotshot place to another. This is influenced by the amount of people residing in the urban settlement, the to a greater extent people the more vehicles the road infrastructure has to support and the more parking spaces leave be needed. Transportation land usually makes up about 32% of the urban area. Transportation land includes land spaces which are utilized for roads, subways, railroad tracks and airports. mercenary land use- Commercial areas in an urban settlement can take up about 5% of the land. These commercial areas are used business activities such as restaurants, shopping malls and service stations which are very important in maintaining a healthy economy in the community.industrial land use- Industrial land spaces within urban areas usually take up about 6% of the urban land and are usually found along railways or piddle ways. Industrial land use is the use of land for the establishment of industries factories such as power plants.Institutional land use - Land which is used for schools, hos agreeals, judicature offices, churches and other places of religious offering. Institutional land uses usually take up about 10% of an urban area land.Recreational land use- Land which is used for leisure activities example playgrounds and parks.PopulationUrban areas are usually very densely populated. This is so because of a variety of reasons which may include rural migration and over-population, industrialization, natural increase, lack of public and hearty services in rural areas and commercial sector.Rural migration is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. This is resulted from persons chasing after an improvement of their bar of living through employment and a better flavour, which may be available in urban areas. Over-population causes pressure on the land and this encourages persons to migrate to urban areas. A continuing movement of persons will eventually lead to rural depopulation and a gradual increase in urban population.There are a few industries and employment opportunities in rural area so people from here usually go seek jobs in urban areas where they could earn a livelihood. Increasing industrialization in urban areas attracts new rural migrants. Industrialization creates job opportunities. The transfer of such large numbers of people is partly as a result of the concentration of economic activities is in the urban areas.Natural increase occurs when the crude birth rate is more than the crude death rate. This simply means when there are a great number of births over deaths in a given populationThe lack of basic public and social services in rural areas result in migration to urban areas where facilities such as adequate schools, transportation facilities, health facilities and telephone services are make available to the population. Even the roads in the rural areas are in poor conditions and farming areas are often inaccessible, hence the quality services in the urban areas attract the rural population.An urban area can be classified as the commercial sector in that large amount of hearty sale and retail activities are undertaken here. The central business district (C.B.D) provides varied commercialized services and rural migrants are attracted to the urban areas because of these services. There is a greater opportunity for them to gain employment and also some may become involved in street vending or even self-employed since there will be market available for their services which they can provide.Urban areas face problems as a result of dense population. These include unemployment problem, traffic congestion, shortage of housing facilities and public services.A high rate of unemployment still exists within urban areas even though there are industrial and commercial activities present. This is so because rural migrants keep moving to urban areas and also there is a natural appendage of the urban population, hence there is a greater study for jobs. The una vailability of jobs for the younger population e in particular can result in an increase crime rate. This heavy increase of population over time leads to a shortage of housing facilities since there is a greater petition of housing. Many persons cannot afford the high cost of living and facilities since they may not be gainfully employed or they are unemployed. This leads to the development of slums/ghettoes or shanty towns and also squatting becomes a large social problem (WHO, 2014). Squatting can be defined as occupying a piece of that that is abandoned or unoccupied. Squatters do not own or rent the land nor do they assimilate any legal rights to use the land. A shanty town consists of houses which are poorly built from scavenged materials such as cardboard boxes, plywood, metal sheets and plastic sheets.Traffic congestion is a major issue within urban areas. This is so because as the population grows the road infrastructures have to support more day-to-day traveling of people , goods and materials within the urban area and also in and out. Therefore, inadequate road networks and parking spaces for the dense population of urban areas result in daily traffic congestions.There is a lack of public services and inadequate facilities such as educational and recreational facilities with an increased population. With an increased population, educational facilities are stretched to their limits and this result in a demand for more educational facilities and also educational improvements. The recreational facilities would have been established to be used by the past population solely with a gradually increase of population these facilities may become inadequate.There is also a lack of sanitary facilities due to urban population growth and pressure is placed on the existing facilities.Health and SanitationWith a rapid increase of urban population there is a lack of sanitation, a shortage of water supplies and also a lack of facilities for the disposal of the large amounts of garbage produced. This all leads to the pollution o the environment (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010). taint can be defined as the accumulation of any unwanted substance within the environment. Some causes of poor sanitation of urban areas include-Since urban areas are usually densely populated, there are a large amount of solid waste macrocosm produced and also waste water existence produced. These solid waste materials are usually not collected regularly or there maybe restrictions on the amount of solid turn away which will be collected by authorities per household. This may lead to persons finding alternative ways to dispose refuse or a gradual buildup of refuse which results in an unaesthetic sight and an unhealthy environment. Waste water being produced is not usually being treated right or not being treated at all. When this water mixes with fresh water it contaminates it and makes it unhealthy to drink and even use for domestic purposes such as wa shing clothes or bathing (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010).The leakage of sewers, waste and latrine contents result in the pollution of underground water. Underground water as the name suggests, is water that flows below the surface. It is also referred to as subsurface groundwater. Underground water is often used by dwellers of the slum population as a drinking outset or for domestic uses such as bathing and washing. This could result in health threats (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010).There is also a lack of fecal Sludge Management (FSM) systems. This allows the buildup of sludge in poorly built pits which causes the sludge to mix with the underground water and illegal dumping of waste from private pit emptier in the sea/river. This causes health risks to the environment and all the components of it (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010).Urban areas usually contain industries and factories which may result in pollution of the environment. This po llution can occur in the form of smoke into the atmosphere, waste water being drained out into the water ways and also solid waste materials maybe disposed poorly.As seen above, there is a relationship and interconnection with sanitation and the health of the environment and all biotic bread and butter within it. In order to obtain or maintain a good sanitation level the waste and sanitation management has to keep up to pace with the suppuration population since the more people the more waste and physical pressure on the environment, services and facilities from them.In urban areas there is a greater demand for social services such as health programs since a greater population has to be catered for. A densely populated region results in a low ratio of doctors and nurses to patients with in the health system. Therefore, there is an increase requirement of finance to to establish adequate health facilities with treatment and medication for all and also more money will be needed to e mploy new staffs and personnel to attend to these patients (Gabriel, 1989).ReferencesRamsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001) Modules in Social Studies with SBA Guide CXC Questions, Caribbean Educational Publishers.Dickson, G.C. Shaw. M.G (1977) What is land use?, http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20001161?uid=3738168uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21104345935161, 12th Aug 2014.Dr. Sadik, N. (1996) State of the world population 1996 Changing Places Population, Development and Urban Future, https//www.unfpa.org/swp/1996/index.htm, 12th Aug 2014.Water supply and Collaborative Council. (2010) Sanitation/Urban Sanitation, http//www.wsscc.org/topics/sanitation/urban-sanitation, 12th Aug 2014.Unite For Sight (n.d.) Urban Versus Rural Health, http//www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/urban-rural-health, 12th Aug 2014.Gabriel, B. (1989) Access to Health Care in Urban Areas of Developing Societies, http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2136988?uid=3738168uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21104 912929123, 13th Aug 2014. ache Development Stories. (n.d.) Urban Faecal Sludge Management Program, http//www.snvworld.org/en/countries/bangladesh/our-work/urban-faecal-sludge-management-programme, 12th Aug 2014.Internet Geography. (n.d.) Population, http//www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/popn1.html, fifteenth Aug 2014.World Health Organization. (2014) Global Health Observatory, http//www.who.int/gho/urban_health/en/, 15th Aug 2014.Farooq, U. (2012) Characteristics of Rural and Urban Community, http//www.studylecturenotes.com/social-sciences/sociology/360-characteristics-of-rural-and-urban-community, 14th Aug 2014.Global Warming Causes and EffectsGlobal Warming Causes and EffectsGlobal Warming is defined as the increase of the median(a) temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter, disasters care hurricanes, droughts and floods are getting more frequent. It is responsible for the conspicuous increase in storms, floods and raging forest fires we have seen in the last ten days, though, say scientists. Tier data show that an increase of one degree Celsius makes the Earth flyinger now than it has been for at to the lowest degree a thousand years. Out of the 20 warmest years on record, 19 have occurred since 1980.There have always been natural climate hangs Ice Ages and the warm intermediate times between them but those even, a temperature rise as fast as the one we have seen over the last 30 years has never happened before, as far as scientists can ascertain. Moreover, normally the Earth should now be in a cool-down-period, according to natural effects like solar cycles and volcano activity, not in a soup uping-up phase.What Is The Greenhouse Effect?Seen from space, our atmosphere is but a tiny layer of gas around a huge bulky planet. But it is this gaseous outer ring and its misleadingly called greenhouse effect that makes life on Earth possible and that could destroy life as we know it. The sun is the Earths primary push outset, a burning star so hot that we can feel its heat from over cl million kilometres away. Its rays enter our atmosphere and shower upon on our planet. About one third of this solar energy is reflected back into the universe by shimmering glaciers, water and other bright surfaces. Two thirds, however, are absorbed by the Earth, thus warming land, oceans, and atmosphere very much of this heat radiates back out into space, but some of it is stored in the atmosphere. This process is called the greenhouse effect. Without it, the Earths average temperature would be a chilling -18 degrees Celsius, even despite the suns constant energy supply. In a world like this, life on Earth would probably have never emerged from the sea.Our planet, however, has no glass walls the only thing that comes close to acting as such is our atmosphere. But in here, processes are way more complicated than in a real greenhouse. Like a radiator in space only about half of all solar energy that reaches the Earth is infr ared radiation and causes immediate warming when passing the atmosphere. The other half is of a higher frequency, and only translates into heat once it hits Earth and is later reflected back into space as waves of infrared radiation.This transformation of solar radiation in to infrared radiation is crucial, because infrared radiation can be absorbed by the atmosphere. So, on a cold and clear night for example, parts of this infrared radiation that would normally dissipate into space get caught up in the Earths atmosphere. And like a radiator in the middle of a room, our atmosphere radiates this heat into all directions. Parts of this heat are finally sent out in the frozen nothingness of space, parts of it are sent back to Earth where they step up global temperatures. Just how much heater it gets down here depends on how much energy is absorbed up there- and this, in turn, depends on the atmospheres composition.How do these things happenNitrogen, oxygen, and argon make up 98 percen t of the Earths atmosphere. But they do not absorb significant amounts of infrared radiation, and thus do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. It is the more exotic components like water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons that absorb heat and thus increase atmospheric temperatures. Studies indicate that until some 2.7 billion years ago, there was so much carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide) and methane in our atmosphere that average temperatures on Earth were as high as 70 degrees. But bacteria and plants slowly turned CO2 into oxygen and the concentration of CO2 in our current atmosphere dropped to just about 0.038 percent or 383 parts per million (PPM), a unit of touchstone used for very low concentrations of gases that has become a kind of currency in climate change debates.Can we have global warming?Yes we can dominance global warm by creating jobs, saving consumers money, and protecting our national security. By investing in renewa ble energy and energy readiness, and increasing the efficiency of the cars we drive, we can take essential steps toward reducing our dependence on oil and other fossil fuels that cause global warming. Using energy more efficiently and moving to renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, and bio energy) would significantly reduce our emissions of heat-trapping gases. Since the burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide-the leading cause of global warming-but renewable energy does not, increasing the share of our electricity generated from renewable resources is one of the most effective ways to reduce global warming emissions.Cars and trucks are another significant source (45 percent) of carbon dioxide emissions. A serious effort to address global warming must therefore reduce emissions from cars and trucks.We know that the earth is very sensitive to down(p) changes in the amount of incoming sunlight. What about launching relatively small amounts of Mylar foil into low earth orbit? By picking the right orbits, we control how much sunlight they reflect and how long they stay up. We even could use a more complex idea of Mylar balloons with a few millbars of a specially formulated gas.As soon as sun light strikes it, the balloon fully expands reflecting sunlight, but on the night side of the planet, the balloon collapses to allow heat to flow past it into space from earth.We could use EM accelerator launch tubes to place them into orbit, bypassing the need for chemical rockets. All this method can help to control global warming Maybe use lasers at a frequency that Mylar doesnt reflect, to burn up any extra balloons that our real-time calculations say we dont need for that year.

Project Monitoring And Control Information Technology Essay

Project monitor And Control In course of actionation Technology EssayProject observe is the observation and supervision for those in the management team to detect and react appropriately to deviation and changes to a put plan. By observe the increase, the management teams argon able to determine how far the project has proceeded and whether it has met the completion expectation or re-forecast the expectations originally set out in projects plan. One counsel to succeed in monitoring projects while maintain a positive progress of the project is the need to do a report detailing their observation. However, this report needs to be done in a frequency (continuously, regularly, logically, etc.) so that the management pecking order asshole exercise their make without stepping on the responsibilities of other levels.1 Other than report, monitoring project dissolve also be done through meetings with clients and parties involved in the project (contractor, supplier, etc.) at a regular basis to keep track of the progress.monitor alone, however, exit non be effective in managing a project without control. With the combine effect of monitoring and control of a project, managing team volition be able to move towards its final decision where corrective actions and decision will be made to pull the project back onto its original objective.1 observe and control attentions to make sure the projects position with respect to the nine functions of project management Scope, cost, time, quality, risk, communications, procurements, human resources and integration.In short, if the project is off course, then control in the form of corrective action must be applied if possible corrective action can off the form of re-planning, reprogramming, or reallocating resources or changing the way project is managed and organized.Impact of Project Monitoring and ControlProject monitoring and control is a crucial system that is used widely by organizations. Monitoring and controls of a project with the nine functions scope, cost, time, quality, risk, communications, procurements, human resources and integration dispense withs the management team to note the progress of the project whether they ar in the original objectives. An organization operational without a project monitoring and control system is considered a risk that will eventually lead to its failure.In term of cost, if there are no proper monitoring and control, the company will be paying(a) more for a resource compared to one that is carefully monitored and controlled be make up without control, the team might be paying more, when comparing prices from different contractors and make sure the prices are within project budget. Naturally without monitoring and control, time will be an aspect that cannot be avoided. Without monitoring and control, take a shit may be repeated be earn of a fault or delay in the process, such as delayed in deliin truth by a contractor or a source that didnt pass qualit y control. Therefore they will consume more time to accomplish.Lack of Motivation.Motivation is outlined as a pull and push forces, which result in unpredicted behavior of human directed towards their goals.2In the aviation industry, pauperization is used to ensure employees experience the intensity and direction of which is geared towards flight safety. Aviation is a huge industry that involves huge number of employees of different department that have work for a different goal to each other but it will ultimately involves the safety of its passengers and pilots. Employees such as pilot, flight crew, engineer and technicians would have done the interchangeable tasks repetitively and could claim they have enough experience to complete their task without fail yet under different circumstances human factor will still play a role in maintaining the quality of the act of all employees.The working environment plays a major role in effecting employee performance. 3In a working environ ment having a hot working environment will de-motivate employees performance. However, pilot faces a more serious environment factors as they need to take into account of flying in an aircraft loaded with technological environment. Be it the design of the equipment and flight control, displays/interface characteristics and task factors a pilot need to be very focus and well-motivated in order to maintain the quality of their performance in such a harsh environment.The condition of an employee is a common line that about all organizations face. This factor involves mental condition of the employee, which negatively affects performance of the task, such as mental fatigue, pernicious attitude. This is perhaps the most important factor because personal issues cannot be governed by their employers.Impact of lack of Motivation.Employees are an organizations needs to function. An organization whose employees have not been motivated is vulnerable to both company and personal challenges be cause its employees are not pushing themselves further to maintain the stability which ultimately closes they are underperforming. Therefore, lack of pauperism equates to less work being accomplished. It does not however, mean there is no productivity coming from the employees it can be said that they the productivity are transfer to aspects not related to their work. Simple things like cyberspace surfing while at work and taking longer break time for lunch will cost the organization time and money.Low employee motivation due to unpleasant working environment can also impact how existing and potential clients/partners view on working with such an organization.3When employees are scatty motivation due to unpleasant working environment for instance a salary cut or no incentives. The consequences of such action would normally cause what we know as going on strike. When that happen, the organizations reputation to their clients/partners will plunge downward and the forces clients/pa rtners to reconsider signing any contract with such an organization. This organization will suffer greatly in terms of the quality of work being produced and slowed production rate.Project Monitoring and Control, and Motivation Case 4On third Oct 2006, European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS) announce the delay in the production of Airbus A380 Aircraft which will push back the delivery of this aircraft by 2 years. An estimated loss of 2.8 billion in pre-tax earnings between 2006 and 2010 has been revealed. In June 2006, Airbus acknowledges that they had underestimated the amount of work to be done to finish up the installation of the electrical harnesses into the anterior and rear sections of the fuselage. The reason of this long delay was contributed by the complexity of the aircrafts electrical wiring system. The root cause was the fact that a new 3D digital mock-up, which facilitates the design of the electrical harnesses installation was implemented late as well as the people working on the aircraft was still in their learning curve, the problem a erects when the internal wiring of the aircraft in the fuselage section which has been changed and reconfigure several times during its production. The thousands of cables embedded inside the fuselage were wrongly configured and delivered. This case can been describe by 2 project failure factorsProject Monitoring and ControlThe management team was at fault for this reason. During the installation process, there was no frequent surveillance on the wiring configuration and only after installing thousands of wire then they realize the problem theyll be facing. If the management team had set up an inspection team to do a more frequent inspection on the installation the problem could have resolved earlier and minimizing losses. If monitoring and control has been flop managed, the risk of such an incident would have been minimized.MotivationHuman factor is ultimately related to motivation and one of the main problems with the wiring problem rise from those who are installing them in the aircraft be it the technician and engineer. In another report, it was apologiseed by the chief executive Christian Streiff Beyond the complexity of the cable installation, the root cause of the problem is the fact that the 3D digital mock-up, which facilitates the design of the electrical harnesses installation, was implemented late and that the people working on it were in their learning curve. He give tongue to clearly that the people working on it were in their learning curve. Knowing that they were in their learning curve, the people should be more aware that they are not experience in this new installation process and should be more aware that they need more supervision and review on this installation process. If doer are motivated enough, they wouldve seek the necessary assistance to advise them appropriately so that they will be able to continue without any problem.Project Monitoring and C ontrol Strategy take in Value Management SystemAn established project management principles and techniques such as Earn Value Analysis (EVA) can be used to monitor and control a project.5 Earned look upon analysis is a method that measure performance that uses work in progress to forecast what will happen to the project in the future. In short, it is an early warning program/project management and suitable for project monitoring and control.Earned value analysiss aim is to use cost to determine a projects progress. Three quantities form the basis for the cost performance measurement using earned value management. They are Budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS) or Planned Value (PA), Budgeted Cost of Work Performed(BCWP) or Earned Value (EV) and Actual Cost of work Performed(ACWP) or Actual Cost(AC). From these three bases, managers can determine the projects budget as well as make a determination of schedule and cost performance and provide an estimated cost of the project at its c ompletion. By cross referencing each of this data to a work breakdown structure, a network diagram, it can suggest how the project should be carried out and thus giving a intelligence of control to project leader.Cost performance index (CPI) and Schedule Performance index (SPI) give an early warning to project leader using data from the 3 bases. Cost performance for instance is the ratio of cost of work performed (BCWP) to developed cost (ACWP). A CPI ration of 1.00 implies that the actual cost is within the estimated cost. Greater than 1.0 indicates work is accomplishes with less cost than what was expected. CPI below 1.0 indicates the project is soon over budget and require project leader to take control of the situation.Motivation StrategyMotivation is a powerful tool that can help project members to perform better and produce higher quality of work, so project management team need to make a concerted labour at planning, establishing and maintaining a motivated team through recognition and rewards. There are 2 motivational theories which can be used to effective reach out a project team.Maslows HierarchyMotivational theories such as Maslows hierarchy, it explained that human beings are motived by unsatisfied needs, and that lower factors needs to be satisfied in the lead higher needs can be satisfied.6 According to Maslow, these deficiencies needs are explainedPhysiological Motivation Provide ample breaks for lunch andrecuperation and paysalaries that allow workers tobuy lifes essentials.Safety Needs Provide a working environment which is safe, relative job security, and freedom from threats.Social NeedsGenerate a soupcon of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics.Esteem Motivators Recognize achievements, assign important projects, and provide status to make employees feel valued and appreciated.Self-ActualizationOffer challenging and important work assignments which enable innovation, creativity, and progress according t o long-term goals.7When this deficiency is satisfied, only then can a person act unselfishly and they will be able to act independently and take responsibility of their actions. With such a team member, any organization will be able to run a project with high confidence and expect a higher quality of work produced.The Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene TheoryHerzbergs motivation-hygiene theory , also known as a ii factor theory, explain that the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction are completely separate from the factors that motivate employees and they are known as the hygiene factors and motivating factors.7 Herzberg finding explain that by adding hygiene factors, it may decrease job dissatisfaction but it will not motivate employees. Employees are motivated only when they feel a sense of job satisfaction is in place. We can assume that with motivation factors in present, satisfied employees can generally be more productive. The picture below states what motivation and hygiene fac tors are.Figure 1. Monitor/Hygiene factors. Source http//www.pmroadtrip.com/files/PMRoadTrip_V4Ch09.pdfBoth Maslows Hierarchy and Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene theory can be used in the same project team. Having the Maslows hierarchy theory, we are actually adding the 2 factors which are mention in Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory. In short, by combining the two theories, we increase the chances of having a motivated project team. By using this system, we can avoid having a demotivated team that can increase the chance of project failure due to human factor such as the one described in the case study above, costing both time and money to an organization. Through such a system, future organization can source a team of motivated members capable of increasing the quality of work done, at the same time allowing organization to have an increased attain gain with less time wastage which cost more to operate. When problem do rise, these team will be able to discuss and solve problem mor e quickly and effectively.

Joan Of Arc Essay -- Biography Biographies Joan of Arc Essays

A cut saint and a heroine in the Hundred Years war was Joan of Arc.This lift girl helped save the French from English command and was often calledthe Maid Orleans and the Maid of France. Her inspiration led the French to manyvictories. Joan Of Arc (In French Jeanne dArc) was born around 1412, in thevillage of Domremy, France. She was a peasant girl who, like many girls of thattime, could not read or write. Her father, Jacques, was a wealthy inhabit farmerand her mother, Isabelle Romee, taught her how to sow, spin, and cook which shewas proud of. She also spent much of her time praying to and serving God. Shelived like most children did at that time, until when she was about thirteen.According to Wagenknecht The Vision original came when she was firstthirteen.... 1 The vision was Saint Michael who said she should be a goodgirl and go to church. When more and more Visions had come it started comingclearer to her and when she truism Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret her d uty wasclear, she was the chosen one to crget Charles the VII. 2 Since France had been fighting with England in what was called theHundred Years War, much of Northern France was captured by the English,including Reims where the coronation for kings had been held for over centuriesbefore him. Since Reims was captured, Charles the VII, who had not yet beencrowned was still called the Dauphin. When Joan had these visions of SaintCatherine and Saint Margaret, she told her family and friends. When she toldher father, he would not let her go. After when these Visions told her thatEngland and Burgundy, Englands ally, were going to capture Orleans, one ofFrances die strong forces, she knew she had to react. She needed to go to theregulator of Vaucouleurs, an agent of the Dauphin, and convince him to give heran army to escort her to the Dauphin. She first needed an escort to come with her to see the governor so sheasked her cousin, Durand Laxart. He, at first, was skeptical about i t, but thenhe soon came to Joans side. When she told the governor, Robert de Baudricourt,he said she was a fool and she should go home. But subsequently some time of waiting,Baudri-court let her go, under his protection, to the Dauphin with maleclothing, a sword, 3 a safe conduct pass, and a small escort. They departedFebruary 23. They safel... ...tried as a witch under an ecclesiastical court. She was handed over to Pierre Cauchon, bishop of Beauvais, on January3rd, 1431. The sittings had begun on February 21 and continued over a period ofmonths. She was held in chains, harassed by countless questions, and threatenedwith torture over this period of months Saint Catherine and Saint Margaretstill gave her advice through all this. On May 24, 1431, Joan was taken to the cemetery where she she was to been burned at the stake unless she recanted,which she did. This is not really to clear to historians why she did that, butmany believe that she did not understand what the recant me ant. Wagenknechtstated that Her own view, after she was herself again, or perhaps one shouldsay her report and interpretation of the view of her Voices in that matter, wasthat she had imperiled her soul to save her life It was the fear of the firewhich do me say what I did. 7 After her recanting she was sendenced fromdeath to life of imprisonment. Of her being treated so softly, the English werefurious. Joan had thought she was going 10 to be sent free but instead Cauchonsentenced her to perpetual imprisonment.

Gcse Arab Israeli Conflict Que :: essays research papers

1. Looking at where this source came from, (a history book), my primary opinion would be that the author should built in bed no blame at all on either parties detailed in his writings. The purpose of a history book is not to put frontward the opinions of the writer, but to display the facts and events of the time period in question. However, as is most common nowadays, books such as these can be used by governments as propaganda, and for all I know the author could be extremely biased. Then, the date should give a further clue before any of the material in question has even been read. Although create verbally nine years after the Six Day War of June 1967, this extract can hardly be deemed to have been written in hind sight, as the hostility between the Arabs and Israelis was still present at the time of its publication. If the author was someone who was not totally impartial, mayhap they had relatives on one of the opposing factions or were themselves members, then in such a time of heated emotions, ones anger might begin to affect the righteousness of your writing, whether deliberate or subconsciously.Upon reading the article, you notice that it is very fairly set out into two sections, the Israelis reasons for going to war, and the Arabs. You are told in the starting signal paragraph that the Arab powers were jeopardize her (Israel) with destruction and were ready to attack her as well as Egypt had already closed the Gulf of Akaba which she knew Israel would regard as an act of war. Also, the writer states Israel could not afford to let the Arabs strike first for she was too weak and too vulnerable.In the second paragraph, that for the reasons of the Arabs, you are told, The Arabs say that Israel should not have been in existence at all, and that Israel had to go to war to save its economy and to ward off political instability. This all seems very diplomatic, but the first thing that struck me was that Israel had roughly three reasons put forward, as o pposed to the Arabs two. The writer says that it comes down to whether in the first paragraph, implying that you should draw your own opinion from the learning that he has put forward in his book. I believe that he is trying to sway your opinion to the side of the Israelis by means of clever wording.